Начальный курс русского языка: Как здороваться, благодарить и прощаться
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Начальный курс русского языка
Раздел 2
Greetings, thanks, and salutations / Как здороваться, благодарить и прощаться

It is a common misconception that when people meet the first thing they say is "Привет!" ("Privet"). Actually, in many cases this is inappropriate and may be taken as rude.

To illustrate the point here is a copy of a post in a social network.

"Having learned some Russian with a native speaker, I switched to taking lessons with a teacher, a man in his late 40s.

When we meet I always smile, wave my hand and say "Priviet". After 3 classes or so, he finally asked me "may I ask you, why do you say 'Priviet' and not 'Zdravstvuyte?'". I told him this is how I would talk to my old teacher and that's what I was normally taught. Then it turned out that a person with education and manners would never say "Privet" to anyone who he does not know closely and, especially, anyone older than he, since it would be consirered as rude. "I cannot imagine", he said, "that I would say to my English teacher 'hey dude, what's up?' ".

The formal way of saying "hello" in Russian is Здра́вствуйте!volume_up. It is good for polite communication. It is addressed to someone who is older than the speaker, to an unknown person or to a person with whom the speaker is in formal relations.
Здра́вствуй!volume_up is a less formal version. It is good for politely addressing a younger person or a peer.
Note that the sound в in the words "Здра́вствуйте" and "Здра́вствуй" is NOT pronounced.
The informal greeting is Приве́т!volume_up. It is used between peers who have informal relations or between family members. It may not be used in official communication or when addressing someone older or in a higher social position (except for family members).