Начальный курс русского языка: Ударение и редукция гласных
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Начальный курс русского языка
Раздел 3
Stress and vowel reduction / Ударение и редукция гласных
In Russian words, regardless of the number of syllables in them, only one syllable is stressed. The stress may fall on any syllable, so there are Russian words with the stress on the first syllable, there are words with the stress on the second syllable, on the third, the fourth, and so on. In the dictionaries and learning materials stress is indicated with a special symbol over the vowel (а́, у́, etc.). In real Russian texts, such as books, magazines, newspapers, stress is never shown.
Since it is almost impossible to predict which syllable is stressed in any particular word, it is necessary to memorize the stress when learning a word.
The main feature of Russian pronunciation of the vowels is this: unstressed vowels are articulated weaker than the stressed ones, often turning into a dfifferent sound. The weaker articulation of unstressed vowels is called vowel reduction.
Below is a simplified rule for unstressed vowel reduction.
o → а
она́ [ана́] she, они́ [ани́] they, слова́ [слава́] words, вода́ [вада́] water, окно́ [акно́] window
е → и
весна́ [висна́] spring, село́ [сило́] village, дела́ [дила́] deeds
я → и
вяза́ть [виза́ть] to knit, тяну́ть [тину́ть] to pull, рядо́к [ридо́к] small row
Упражнение 1
A preposition together with the following word form a single phonetic word and have one stressed syllable in their united entity: у Са́ши at Sasha, со скри́пом squeaking, от А́нны from Anna, из Москвы́ from Moscow. Unstressed prepositions undergo vowel reduction: от А́нны [ат а́нны] from Anna, про ко́шку [пра ко́шку] about a cat.

To check the pronunciation of these words click on them.
Упражнение 2